The presence of contextual precursors improves memory and understanding for the material. When the contextual information is inaccurate, memory for the material remains the same despite a lack of understanding for the material.
Sometimes what you see is what you hear, and sometimes isn't. Here we show that this phenomena can play a major role in second-language learning.
Study time is a common metric of preparedness, but study strategy is more important!
Concept maps improve memory and lead to a more elaborate understanding of the material.